In the forced-circulation type of hot-water system, a pump is used to force the water through the pipingThus, the flow is entirely independent of the…

Hot-water heating systems transmit only sensible heat to radiators, as distinguished from steam systems that work principally by the latent heat of evaporation. The result…

Two-pipe medium- and high-pressure systems (with ranges of 25 to 125 psi) are used for space heating and for steam-process equipment such as water heaters,…

The vacuum-air-line system is a variation of the one-pipe steam-heating system. Radiator air vents arereplaced with air valves, the outlets of which are connected to…

A return-trap heating system closely resembles the vapor system except that the return trap provides a positive return of condensate to the boiler. This type…

In a vapor system, thermostatic traps are used at each radiator and at the ends of the steam mains. The radiator inlet valves used in…

Steam is an effective heating medium. It is adaptable to almost any type of building. One of the simplest steam-heating systems is the one-pipe gravity…